Urine Examination

Urine Examination

Normal urine is a clear, Yellow or amber coloured fluid having a specific gravity varying between 1.003 to 1.003. It is usually slightly acidic and has a faintly aromatic odour. It consists of 96% water and 4% solid content. Solid contents include urea. Creatinine,uric acid,iron,chlorides, sodium,calcium and phosphate.

Urine examination is also divided into physical and chemical examination.

                                                                             

Physical Examination

Volume                                                1200-2000 ml                                      it is increased in polyuria and decreased in  

                                                                                                                   Renal disease.

Specific gravity                                  1.005- 1.025                                        Specific gravity is high in diabetes and low in                                                                                                                                          nephritis.     

Colours

                                                                Milky                                            Genito-urinary tract disease

                                                                Orange                                                 Urobilinogenuria

                                                                Red                                               Haematuria

                                                                Greenish                                        Jaundice

Chemical Examination

pH                                                          4.8-7.5 with                                      pHis less than 4.8 in diabetes,striation and febrile in children.

                                                                An average of 6

Protein                                                  Abnormal constituent                            Nephritis

                                                                                                                       Nepphrosis

                                                                                                                       Pregnancy

Sugar                                                     Abnormal                                            DIabetes,Cachexia,

                                                                                                                        Panereatic disease,

                                                                                                                          CNS  dysfunctio 

Bile pigment                                              Abnormal                                             Jaundice

                                                                Constituent.

Kenton  Bodies

(Acetone,acetoacetic                            Abnormal                                            Diabetes,CacheXia,

Acid and                                              constituent                                         post anaesthesia

B-hydroxybutyric acid)                                                                                  vomiting

Blood cells                                            Abnormal                                            Haematuria

                                                           Constituent                                       

Calcium                                               Abnormal                                            Hyperthyroidism

                                                           constituent