Runners Plants

Runners:
         The runnerd arise as an axilliay buds and creeps some distance away from the mother plants, then strikes roots and grows into new plabts. When these runners separate, number of new plants are formed e.g. Cynadon, Fragsria, Oxalis etc.
           

Runner of OXalis

Anti Histamine

Histamine
         Histamine (histos-tisue) is a bio-chemical present in animal tissued and even in certain plants. Histamine is present in storage granules of mast cells. It is also present in skin, gastric, intestinal, mucosa, lungs, liver, placenta and also blood and pathological fluids
   

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Anti Spasmodic Drugs

      The peristalsia of smooth mudcle in the GIT is controlled by paradymphathetic stimulation on the muscarinic receptor in the GI smooth muscle. The over spasm of the GI smooth muscle sometimes result in pathological state with the symptomes of abdominal pain. Anti-spadmodoc drugs are used to relief the pain due to the spasm of smooth mudcle in the GIT. These drugs basically inhibit the binding of acetylcholine with the muscrinic receptors in the GI smootb muscle and thus reducing the paradympathetic rffect in it. This result in the relaxation of the GI smooth muscle and relives the pain due to it's spasmd       

(1) Atropine

(2) Hyoscine Butylbromide

(3) Dicyclomine

(4) Alverine

(5) Mebeverine

Paracetamol/Acetaminophen

       It is synthetic non-opiate derivatives of para-aminophenol which produces analgesia and antipyresia and it has no/weak anti inflammatory activity. Unlike salisylates it does not have uricosuric activity. Paracetamol produces analgesic action by elevation of the pain threshold & antipyretic through action on the hypothalamic heat regulating centre.

Indication:

• Pyrexia (fever)
• Mild to moderate pain
• Toothache, bodyache
• After minor surgery (to reduce the pain)
• Musculoskeletal disorder
• Post vaccination pain & fever of children
• This makes it a particularly useful alternative for people who suffer from peptic ulcer or who can not tolerance Aspirin.

Dose:
      Adult: 500mg-1000mg tid/qid sos
      Child: less than 3 months: 10mg/kg;above 3 months;1o-15mg/dose(3-4doses

Aspirin

Aspirin:

       The main example of Salicylate drug is ASPIRIN this drug was obtained from bark of willow, and is currently synthesized. Other agents include Methy Salicylate which is a popular ingredient in most of the topical analgesic preparation. In 1897 Hoffman & Dressler isolated & chemically modified the active compound to synthesize Acetylsalicylic acid, which was marketed as Aspirin in 1899.                                               

Indication:

1.      Mild to moderate pain.

2.      Inflammation.

3.      Anti-platelet effect: prophylaxis in thrombo-embolic disorders.

4.      Prevention of vascular mortality during suspected acute MI.

5.      Prevention of MI in patients with angina.

6.      Prevention  of recurrent MI.

7.      Rheumatic fever, rheumatoid arthritis.

8.      Adjunctive treatment of Kawasaki disease.

Preparation:

        It is usually available in tablet form such as:

        Aspirin tablet: 300mg, 100mg, 75mg, 50mg

Dose:

        Adult: 300mg-900mg 4-6 hourly, maximum 4g daily

        Child: acute rheumatic fever and rheumatoid arthritis only: 90-120mg/kg/day

Ofloxacian

           Ofloxacian

Ofl           Oflaxacian is a broad-spectrum most potent bactericidal drug. It is a  a latest drug of fluro                           coquinoloness. It is  highly effective against chlamydia salmonella, klebsiela,,proteus, anaerobes like           bacteroides, clostridiu, gar  denella, peptococcus  and peptostreptococcus.

Me         mechanism of action: Same as Nalidixic acid       

Idi    Reaction:   

1.                     Typhoid and paratyphoid fever

2.                      Urinary tract infection

3.                      Ear,nose and throat infection

4.                      Respiratory tract infection

5.                     Skin and soft tissue infection

6.                     Gonorrhoea

7.                     Chlamydial infection

8.                     Peritonitis

9.                     Prostatitis

        It is also used in multi drug resistance tuberculosis

 Preparation:

I      It is usually available in tablet and suspensions such as:

fl      ofloxacin tablet 100mg, 200mg and 400mg,

        ofloxacian suspension 50mg/100mg/5ml

        ofloxacin IV influsion 200mg/100ml

d   Dose:

         Adult 200-400mg bid for 5 to 10 days.

         enteric fever: 20mg/kg/day in 2 equally divided dose (upto 600mg/day)

     Adverse effect:

     CNS:

:          Somnolence,seizures,depression,sleep disorder GIT:nausea,dry mouth,abdominal pain,disguise,

P          seudoebranous colitis

            Miscellaneous anaphylaxis,chest pain,trunk pain,phlebitis

      Drug infections:

            Ofloxacin  may increase the blood levels of Theophylin.

            Antacids, Irons alts, Zinc salts decreases absorption of ofloxacin.

           Contraindication:Hypersensitivity to fluoroquinolones,epilepsy

Urine Examination

Urine Examination

Normal urine is a clear, Yellow or amber coloured fluid having a specific gravity varying between 1.003 to 1.003. It is usually slightly acidic and has a faintly aromatic odour. It consists of 96% water and 4% solid content. Solid contents include urea. Creatinine,uric acid,iron,chlorides, sodium,calcium and phosphate.

Urine examination is also divided into physical and chemical examination.

                                                                             

Physical Examination

Volume                                                1200-2000 ml                                      it is increased in polyuria and decreased in  

                                                                                                                   Renal disease.

Specific gravity                                  1.005- 1.025                                        Specific gravity is high in diabetes and low in                                                                                                                                          nephritis.     

Colours

                                                                Milky                                            Genito-urinary tract disease

                                                                Orange                                                 Urobilinogenuria

                                                                Red                                               Haematuria

                                                                Greenish                                        Jaundice

Chemical Examination

pH                                                          4.8-7.5 with                                      pHis less than 4.8 in diabetes,striation and febrile in children.

                                                                An average of 6

Protein                                                  Abnormal constituent                            Nephritis

                                                                                                                       Nepphrosis

                                                                                                                       Pregnancy

Sugar                                                     Abnormal                                            DIabetes,Cachexia,

                                                                                                                        Panereatic disease,

                                                                                                                          CNS  dysfunctio 

Bile pigment                                              Abnormal                                             Jaundice

                                                                Constituent.

Kenton  Bodies

(Acetone,acetoacetic                            Abnormal                                            Diabetes,CacheXia,

Acid and                                              constituent                                         post anaesthesia

B-hydroxybutyric acid)                                                                                  vomiting

Blood cells                                            Abnormal                                            Haematuria

                                                           Constituent                                       

Calcium                                               Abnormal                                            Hyperthyroidism

                                                           constituent